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Τα συστήματα πιστοποίησης της ποιότητας των τροφίμων περιλαμβάνουν μεταξύ άλλων και τη γεωγραφική προέλευσή τους. Μεταξύ των τροφίμων μεγάλη οικονομική σημασία έχουν για τη χώρα μας τα τυριά λόγω της αναγνώρισής από την ΕΕ ως «Προϊόντα Ονομασίας Προέλευσης». Η εργαστηριακή επιβεβαίωση της προέλευσης των τροφίμων αποτελεί επίκαιρο χώρο έρευνας και το προφίλ των σπανίων γαιών αποτελεί μια ενδιαφέρουσα επιλογή για τον σκοπό αυτό. Το περιεχόμενο των ζωικών τροφίμων σε ανόργανα στοιχεία και ειδικότερα σε σπάνιες γαίες επηρεάζεται από το αντίστοιχο περιεχόμενο στην τροφή και το νερό που καταναλώνουν τα ζώα και αυτά με τη σειρά τους επηρεάζονται από τα γεωλογικά χαρακτηριστικά της περιοχής.
Για τους σκοπούς της μελέτης αναλύθηκε ικανός αριθμός δειγμάτων (88 δείγματα) Γραβιέρας που προέρχονται από διάφορες περιοχές της χώρας, με την τεχνολογία ICP-MS, ως προς το περιεχόμενό τους σε Σπάνιες Γαίες (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sc, Sm, Tb, Th, Tm, U, Y, Yb), Ακτινίδες (Th, U), Πολύτιμα Μετάλλα (Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru), Ιχνοστοιχεία (Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tl, Ti, V, W, Zn, Zr) και Μάκρο στοιχεία (Ca, Κ, Mg και P). Για τον έλεγχο της μεθόδου χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως πρότυπα υλικά αναφοράς τα: «ERM-BD151 skimmed milk powder» για τα Ιχνοστοιχεία και τα Μάκρο στοιχεία, και «BCR-668 mussel tissue» για τις Σπάνιες γαίες. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη διαδικασία της Διακριτικής Ανάλυσης του προγράμματος Statgraphics. |
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Food authentication systems include among others their geographical origin. Among food, cheese are economically important for our country becaue of its recognition by the E.U.as “Protected Denominations of Origin”. The laboratory confirmation of food origin is nowadays on research and Rare Earth elements’ profile could be a really interesting choice for this cause. Animal products’ content of minerals and most particularly of Rare Earths is affected by the equivalent content in food and water said animals consume, which are, in turn, affected by the geological characteristics of a region.
For this study a great number of “Graviera” cheese samples (88 samples) from various regions of the country were analyzed with use of the ICP-MS technology, to reveal their composition into Rare Earth elements (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sc, Sm, Tb, Th, Tm, U, Y, Yb), Actinides (Th, U), Precious elements (Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru), Trace elements (Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tl, Ti, V, W, Zn, Zr) and Macroelements (Ca, Κ, Mg και P). For the control of this method, there was use of the following reference materials: ERM-BD151 skimmed milk powder for Trace elements and Macro elements, and BCR-668 mussel tissue for Rare Earth Elements. Statistical analysis of results was conducted with use of the Statgraphics software for determining a connection between composition and geographical origin.
As far as geographical region is concerned (North Aegean, Epirus, Krete, Macedonia, South Aegean, Peloponnisos, Sterea Ellada, Thessalia), with use of the total element print (64 elements: Rare Earths, Actinides, Microelements, Macroelements, Precious metals) there was full differentiation of all samples (100% differentiation). The elements Eu, Gd, La, Sm, Tb, Yb, U, Rh, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ga, Se, Ti, Tl, V, Zr, Ca, P, were the most important markers, as having the most important role in the differentiation. By using only those elements, differentiation was not sufficient, as the elements by themselves were not capable of effectively differentiating the samples (75,86%). Using “Rare Earth elements” and “Precious Metals” as indicators there was no differentiation of geographical regions of origin (81,61%). Likewise, “Microelements” and “Macroelements” showed no significant differentiation of samples either (93,10%). Furthermore, there was a complete differentiation between samples based on type of milk (cow milk, sheep milk, goat milk and mixture of them), with use of the total element print (100%). Variations in concentration of elements from one geographical state to the other (Aitoloakarnanias, Argolidas, Arkadias, Artaion, Attikis, Dodekanisou, Evritanias, Fthiotidas, Grevenon, Ioanninon, Irakliou, Karditsas, Kikladon, Larisis, Lesvou, Rethimnis, Serron, Trikalon, Tripoleos, Halkidikis, Hanion) were remarkable (100% differentiation of samples). What is more interesting is that such differences were found in neighboring regions as well.
Results suggested that Rare Earths enhance differentiation that is deduced from the rest of the element print given that, in this research, there was a pristine differentiation between samples of Graviera of different origin. Thus, they can be reliable markers in studies of authentication of both dairy products and other categories of foods in general. |
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